form-design

Forms are where users give the product data. Every unnecessary obstacle between the user and a completed form is a failure. The design goal is to make correct input easy and incorrect input obvious — before the user submits.

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The Three Guidance Layers

Each layer serves a distinct purpose. Do not collapse them.

Layer 1 — Helper Text

Explains what to enter. Appears below the input, always visible, in small secondary text.

Email address
[                              ]
Use the email you signed up with.

• Write in plain language from the user's perspective
• Keep it to one sentence — if you need more, the field is too complex or misnamed
• Do not repeat the label ("Enter your email" below a label that says "Email" is redundant)
• Helper text is not a replacement for a label — the label is still required

Layer 2 — Placeholder

Shows the format or an example value. Appears inside the input, disappears on typing.

[[email protected]              ]

• Use a realistic example, not a description: +358 40 123 4567 not Enter phone number
• Never use placeholder as a label — it disappears and leaves the user without context
• Keep it grey (--color-text-secondary) and lighter than actual input text
• Optional — not every field needs a placeholder

Layer 3 — Validation

Confirms whether the input is correct. The most important layer.

Email address
[jane@           ] ← invalid
✗ Enter a valid email address.

Validation timing:

• On blur (leaving the field): default for most fields — validates once the user has finished
• Real-time (on input): use when the format is complex or the error is likely — password strength, IBAN, VAT number, URL, regex-heavy fields
• On submit: catches anything missed, scrolls to the first error

Real-time validation must be forgiving at the start — do not show an error the instant the user starts typing. Show it after a short debounce (300–500ms) or after the first character that makes the input definitively wrong.

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Submit Button State

The submit button enables when the form is valid. This is one of the clearest affordance signals in form design — the user sees the goal and knows when they have reached it.

[Submit]   ← disabled, low contrast, cursor: not-allowed
           (fields incomplete or invalid)

[Submit]   ← enabled, full colour, cursor: pointer
           (all required fields valid)

Implementation:

<button type="submit" disabled={!isFormValid}>Submit</button>

For long or complex forms where real-time validation is not practical, do not disable the submit — validate on submit and scroll to errors instead. Disabled submit on a long form frustrates users who cannot tell what is missing.

Loading state on submit: Replace label with spinner, disable the button. Prevent double-submission.

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Field Anatomy

[Label]                           [Optional badge if optional]
[Input field                                                  ]
[Helper text — what to enter, format, constraints            ]
[Error message — appears below helper text on validation fail ]

<div class="field">
  <label for="vat">VAT number <span class="optional">Optional</span></label>
  <input
    id="vat"
    type="text"
    placeholder="FI12345678"
    aria-describedby="vat-helper vat-error"
    aria-invalid="true"
  >
  <p id="vat-helper" class="helper-text">Finnish VAT numbers start with FI followed by 8 digits.</p>
  <p id="vat-error" class="error-text" role="alert">Enter a valid Finnish VAT number (e.g. FI12345678).</p>
</div>

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Required vs Optional

Mark the minority. If most fields are required, mark the optional ones. If most are optional, mark the required ones.

• Do not rely on colour alone — add a text label ("Required" or asterisk with legend)
• Place the required/optional indicator in the label, not only in the placeholder or helper text

<label>Email <abbr title="Required">*</abbr></label>
<!-- or -->
<label>Phone <span class="badge">Optional</span></label>

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Grouping with Fieldset

Related fields belong in a <fieldset> with a <legend>. This is semantic HTML and helps screen readers announce the group context.

<fieldset>
  <legend>Billing address</legend>
  <label>Street</label><input type="text">
  <label>City</label><input type="text">
  <label>Postal code</label><input type="text">
</fieldset>

Use fieldsets for:

• Address groups
• Payment details
• Radio button groups
• Checkbox groups

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Input Types

Use the correct type — browsers provide free validation, appropriate keyboards, and autofill.

Data	Input type
Email	type="email"
Phone	type="tel"
URL	type="url"
Number	type="number"
Password	type="password"
Date	type="date"
Search	type="search"
Colour	type="color"

On mobile, type="email" shows the email keyboard, type="tel" shows the numpad. These are free UX improvements.

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Autofill Support

Allow browsers to autofill. Do not disable it unless there is a security requirement.

<input type="text"  autocomplete="name">
<input type="email" autocomplete="email">
<input type="tel"   autocomplete="tel">
<input type="text"  autocomplete="street-address">
<input type="text"  autocomplete="postal-code">
<input type="text"  autocomplete="cc-number">    <!-- credit card -->
<input type="password" autocomplete="new-password">

Correct autocomplete values reduce friction dramatically for returning users and on mobile.

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Review Checklist

• Every field has a visible label (not just placeholder)
• Helper text is below the input and explains what to enter
• Placeholder shows format or example, not a description
• Validation triggers on blur for simple fields, real-time for complex ones
• Error message is adjacent to the field that failed
• Error message is associated via aria-describedby
• Required/optional marked on the minority of fields
• Submit button is disabled when form is invalid (for short forms)
• Submit button shows a loading state and prevents re-submission
• Related fields are grouped in <fieldset> with <legend>
• Correct type attribute on all inputs
• autocomplete attributes set on address, contact, and payment fields